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| layout = [[Longitudinal engine|Longitudinal]] [[FR layout]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://consumerguide.com/used/1991-98-volvo-940960s90v90/|title=1991-98 Volvo 940/960/S90/V90|date=July 28, 2014}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Volvo 700 Series]]
| successor = [[
| designer = Rolf Malmgren,
}}
The '''Volvo 900 Series''' is a range of [[executive car]]s produced by the Swedish manufacturer [[Volvo Cars]] from 1990<ref name = 90historie>{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/10669/1990-1999-a-historical-review |title=1990-1999: A historical review |author=Volvo Car Corporation |website=www.media.volvocars.com |date=8 January 2000 |access-date=2017-10-15 }}</ref> to 1998.<ref name = 90historie/> The 900 Series was introduced in 1990 to replace the [[Volvo 700 Series|700 Series]] from which it derived. Prior to the end of its production, the 960 was renamed as the '''Volvo S90''' (saloon) and '''Volvo V90''' (estate), and the 940 was renamed '''940 Classic''', becoming the last [[rear-wheel-drive]] cars from Volvo, until the 2023 [[Volvo XC40]].
Visible differences between the 700 and the 900 Series included redesigned rear styling of the saloon models (late 700 estates and early 900 estates are visually identical). The 960 was introduced in 1991 along with a new family of [[Volvo Modular engine|modular engines]], and then was substantially revised for the 1995 model year, improving the handling. The range was augmented by the new [[Volvo 850]] in 1991. The last of the 900s was sold in 1998. Some 900 Series were built as chassis for ambulances and hearses after the main production run had been completed.
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| manufacturer = [[Volvo Cars]]
| aka =
| production = September
| model_years =
| designer =
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| assembly = {{ubl |Sweden: [[Kalmar]] ([[Volvo Kalmar Assembly|VKA]]) |[[Torslanda]] ([[Torslandaverken]]) |Belgium: [[Ghent]] |Canada: [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] ([[Volvo Halifax Assembly|VHA]]) |Thailand: [[Samutprakarn]] ([[Thai-Swedish Assembly|TSA]])
|Indonesia}}
| engine = {{ubl |2.0 L [[Volvo Redblock Engine|''B200E/F/K'']] [[
| transmission = {{ubl |4-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] |4-speed w/electric overdrive [[Manual transmission|manual]] |5-speed manual}}
| length =
| width = {{cvt|1760|mm|in|1}}
| wheelbase = {{cvt|2770|mm|in|1}}
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}}
Introduced in September 1990, the 940 was essentially a cosmetic reskin of the 740<ref name=TAM92>{{Cite book |language=it |title=Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1992 |publisher=Editoriale Domus S.p.A |year=1992 |pages=1169–1172 |location=Milano}}</ref> aside from the completely redesigned rear from the C pillar back on the sedan. The new, taller trunk did diminish rearward vision but provided a larger opening to a larger boot than on the 700-series. The dashboard and seats were all new, offering a bit more headroom and the option of an integrated child [[booster seat]] in the rear.<ref name=TV0291.28>{{cite magazine | ref = CC91 | title = Mycket skrik för lite ull | trans-title = Much ado about nothing | language = sv | magazine = [[Teknikens Värld]] | publisher = Specialtidningsförlaget AB | location = Stockholm, Sweden | page = 28 | date = 1991-01-24 | issue = 2 | volume = 43 | first = Calle | last = Carlquist }}</ref> All drivetrains, and most options available in the 940 had been available in the 740, with the exception of the 780 Coupé. The 940 was more closely related to the 740 than the 760, sharing
The engines options were carried over from the 740, with 8-valve 2-litre (B200) and 2.3-litre (B230) four cylinder gasoline engines, either naturally aspirated or turbocharged, as well as the familiar 2.4-litre Volkswagen six-cylinder diesel and turbodiesels being fitted. There were also 16-valve versions of the gasoline engines fitted on some 1991 and 1992 models (B204, B234, naturally aspirated). The 2-litre 16-valve engine was fitted to the 940 base model in Italy at the time of introduction, to mark it being a step up from the 740.<ref name=Spigoli>{{cite web|url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1990/09/29/meno-spigoli-piu-sprint.html|title = Meno spigoli più sprint|trans-title = Fewer corners, more dash | date= 1990-09-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210428211515/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1990/09/29/meno-spigoli-piu-sprint.html | archive-date = 2021-04-28 | first = Alberto | last = Bellucci | newspaper = [[La Repubblica]] | language = it }}</ref> After the 740 was discontinued, the eight-valve engine found its way into the 940 as well. The 2.3-litre turbocharged version produces {{cvt|165|PS|kW|0}}; Volvo sold a chip tuning kit called Turbo+ which boosted the power to {{cvt|190|PS|kW|0}}.<ref name="TV1791.18">{{cite magazine | ref = AS91b | title = Säkrare 900, billigare 400 | trans-title = Safer 900, cheaper 400 | language = sv | magazine = [[Teknikens Värld]] | publisher = Specialtidningsförlaget AB | location = Stockholm, Sweden | page = 18 | date = 1991-09-05 | issue = 17 | volume = 43 | editor-first = Alrik | editor-last = Söderlind }}</ref>
▲Introduced in September 1990, the 940 was essentially a cosmetic reskin of the 740<ref name=TAM92>{{Cite book |language=it |title=Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1992 |publisher=Editoriale Domus S.p.A |year=1992 |pages=1169–1172 |location=Milano}}</ref> aside from the completely redesigned rear from the C pillar back on the sedan. All drivetrains, and most options available in the 940 had been available in the 740, with the exception of the 780 Coupé. The 940 was more closely related to the 740 than the 760, sharing the same dashboard, drivetrain choices, and sheet metal from the A-pillar forward. In contrast, the 960 was an evolution of the 760. The 760 / 960 front sheet metal, independent rear suspension, dashboard, and other interior features were all exclusive to the two upscale models. The 940 estate, introduced in May 1991, was almost identical to its 740 estate predecessor.
Engines were fitted with either a 5-speed (M47) or 4-speed+overdrive (M46) manual gearbox or an automatic transmission, either Aisin-Warner AW70/71/72 (3-speed+overdrive) or ZF 4HP22 (4-speed) for some B230FB (or E) and diesel engines. In 1995, the manual gearbox was replaced with a full 5-speed (M90), and the ZF was abandoned for gasoline engines and fitted only on diesels.
The SE emblem denoted very different trim and engine levels in different countries. In Sweden, the 940 SE was an ordinary non-turbo 940 with some optional extras as standard, most notably painted mirrors and bumpers. In the UK it was a high trim level available with all engines (from 2.0 to 2.3 turbo). In Australia, the 940 SE was a high trim level with only the 2.3 Turbo B230FT with some extras as standard and featured, rather unusually, full painted bumpers. In Thailand the 940 SE was a Turbo (LPT) model with leather seats, ABS brakes and SRS Airbag. In the US, the 940 SE utilised the body from the 960 (different dashboard, firewall, hood, recessed windscreen wipers etc.) with the four-cylinder B230FT engine, the 940 SE badge presumably chosen by Volvo in order to maintain the link between name and number of cylinders.
From MY 1993 on, in Italy all 940 estates were badged "Polar" (engine B200F) or "Super Polar" (engine B200FT). Towards the end of the model cycle, certain countries (as Sweden, Germany and Switzerland)
<gallery widths=200 heights=140>
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===North America===
In the [[United States]], the 1991 940 was offered in three versions: the 940 GLE used a [[DOHC]] 16-valve version of the 2.3-litre engine (B234) with a 6000 rpm redline. The 940 Turbo used a turbocharged 2.3-litre engine (B230FT), and the top-end 940 SE (also turbocharged) included body-coloured trim, and
This is one of the Volvo vehicles that was produced at Volvo's former manufacturing facility in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax, Nova Scotia]]. In 1993, 940s built at that plant were affixed with [[roundel]]s at the rear window, to celebrate the plant's 30th anniversary.
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| engine = {{ubl
| '''[[Petrol engine|petrol]]:'''
| 2.0 L ''[[Volvo Redblock Engine#16 Valve|B204E/F]]'' [[Multi-valve|16V]] [[
| 2.0 L ''[[Volvo Redblock Engine#16 Valve|B204FT/GT]]'' 16V [[Turbocharger|turbo]] I4
| 2.3 L ''[[Volvo Redblock Engine|B230FT]]'' [[Turbocharger|turbo]] I4
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=== 1990–1994 ===
The Autumn of 1990 marked the launch of the Volvo 960 in time for the 1991 model year. This was the replacement for the 760. The 1991 960 was an evolutionary progression of the 1990 760, but it was also one of the first cars to feature the work of British designer [[Peter Horbury]].
[[File:Volvo 960 wagon.jpg|thumb|left|Volvo 960 estate - rear (US)]]
[[File:Mk1 Volvo 960 tight crop.jpeg|thumb|left|Volvo 960 estate - front (UK)]]
The most significant change was that, in most markets, the 960 was offered with an all-new aluminium 24-valve [[DOHC]] [[straight-six engine|inline six-cylinder engine]], often referred to as "white block" in the Volvo community due to its bare aluminium block. Maximum power was {{convert|204|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6,000 rpm. Some markets, such as [[Australia]] and Japan, saw 1991 960s equipped with the same B280E/F V6 engine ({{convert|145|PS|kW|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} at 5,100 rpm) that had powered the 1990 760.<ref name=Goo-net>{{cite web |url=http://exchange.goo-net.com/catalog/VOLVO__960/9000812/ |title=Exchange: Volvo 960 Basegrade |publisher=Goo-net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711111551/http://exchange.goo-net.com/catalog/VOLVO__960/9000812/ |archive-date=2011-07-11 |access-date=2010-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The 1992 model year saw the U.S. introduction of the DOHC inline six-cylinder engine. For the Italian and Portuguese markets, the 960 was available with the 16v 2-litre turbo (190/200 PS, 140/147 kW) from September 1990 until September 1993 along with the inline sixes. Certain markets also received the 2.3-litre turbo 'Redblock' four with {{convert|165|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}, and the Volkswagen built D24TIC with {{convert|116|or|122|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=TAM92_2>{{Cite book | title = Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1992 | publisher = Editoriale Domus S.p.A | year = 1992 | pages = 1173–1174 | language = it | location = Milano }}</ref>
The 960 received incremental changes for the 1992, 1993, and 1994 model years. Most visible were the new more shapely seats, and redesigned seat-belts with hydraulic pretensioners for 1992. 1993 saw a new more ergonomic shifter, and in 1994 dual front airbags were introduced in some markets. The opaque sunroof was replaced by a sliding sunshade and glass window. In 1994, the US version of the 3-litre six was tuned for more torque and a less peaky power delivery in favor of U.S. emissions regulations, with {{convert|181|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5,200 rpm and {{convert|270|Nm|
Nilsson, a small coachbuilder in [[Laholm]], Sweden, worked under contract with Volvo to supply the stretched 960 Executive (and the later Royal model, with [[Hermès]] leather interior). Nilsson offered a number of different lengths and sealed the window in the C-pillar for more privacy in the rear. The Executive had longer rear doors, longer versions had inserts behind the B-pillar.
For North America, the 1992–1994 Volvo 960s were built in Kalmar, Sweden. The very first Volvo 960 for the US-market rolled off the assembly line on August 12, 1991 as a 1992 model. The 1995 to 1998 960s were built in [[
=== 1994–1998 ===
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[[File:Volvo 960 wagon -- 07-04-2011.jpg|thumb|left|Volvo 960 estate (US)]]
Only the modular six-cylinder engines were available from model year 1995 on. The front suspension was redesigned to more closely match that of the 850. The rear suspension received a completely redesigned multi-link independent system with a single [[fibreglass]] [[transverse leaf spring]]. The 1995 estate received [[independent rear suspension]]. Volvo reported that the single composite leaf spring used in the rear suspension of the 960 estate had the same mass as just one of the two springs it replaced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.designnews.com/article/CA151178.html |title=Quality takes center stage in '97 |
Trim levels were GLT and SE for [[Europe]]an markets.
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All US cars were equipped with an electronically controlled [[Aisin]] AW-series automatic transmission. Beginning in the 1995 model year, European cars with the 2.5 L engines were also available with a manual transmission, the so-called M90, a strong new design that was derived from the Volvo 850's transmission. With the demise of the 2.5 L engine, the M90 was paired with a detuned version ({{convert|180|PS|kW|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) of the 3.0 L engine.
Production of the 960 and its S90 and V90 derivatives ended in 1998 with a total of 112,710 sedans and 41,619 estates.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=27 June 2013 |title=VOLVO 940 (1990-1998) |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/49834/volvo-960-1990-19971 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Volvo Cars |publisher=Volvo |language=en}}</ref>
The S90/V90 nameplate returned to use when Volvo introduced its flagship model in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/2016-volvo-s90-rival-jaguar-xf |title=2016 Volvo S90 to rival Jaguar XF |publisher=Autocar |author=Jim Holder |date=14 April 2015 |access-date=2016-07-24 }}</ref>
{{clear-left}}
==Specifications==
=== Engines ===
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{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+Petrol engines
!Model!!Engine code!!Year(s)!!Power at rpm!!Torque at rpm!!Displacement!!
|-
| 940 ||[[Volvo B200 engine|B200E]] || 1991 || {{cvt|115|PS|kW|0}} at 5700 || {{cvt|158|Nm|lbft|0}} at 2800 || rowspan=8 | {{cvt|1986|cc|CID|1}} || rowspan=19 | [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
|-
|
|-
| || [[Volvo B200 engine|B200G]] || 1992–1994 || {{cvt|111|PS|kW|0}} at 5700 || {{cvt|155|Nm|lbft|0}} at 2800
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| || [[Volvo B200 engine|B200GT]] || 1992–1998 || rowspan=2 | {{cvt|155|PS|kW|0}} at 5600 || rowspan=2 | {{cvt|230|Nm|lbft|0}} at 3600
|-
| 940 2.0 8V Turbo / 940 Wentworth||[[Volvo B200 engine|B200FT]] || 1991–1998
|-
| 940 2.0 16V ||[[Volvo B204 engine|B204E]] || 1991 || {{cvt|139
|-
| 960 2.0 16V Turbo || [[Volvo B204 engine|B204FT]] || 1991–1993 || {{
|-
| 960 2.0 16V Turbo ||[[Volvo B204 engine|B204GT]] || 1991–1993 || {{
|-
| || [[Volvo B230 engine|B230E]] || 1991 || {{cvt|131
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|940 (California Emissions) ||B230FD ||1993-1994 || {{cvt|116
|-
| 940 Turbo/940SE (US)/960 2.3 Turbo ||[[Volvo B230 engine|B230FT]]<ref name = 93US940/> || 1991–1998 || {{
|-
|
|-
| 940 || [[Volvo B230 engine|B230G]] || 1992–1995 || {{
|-
| 940/960 ||[[Volvo B230 engine|B230GT]] || 1991–1994 || {{
|-
| || [[Volvo B230 engine|B230GK]] || 1995–1998 || {{
|-
|
|-
| || [[Volvo B234 engine|B234G]] || 1991–1992
|-
| 960 || [[PRV engine|B280E]]<ref name = vparts>{{cite web |url=http://www.volvopartswebstore.com/showAssembly.aspx?ukey_assembly=243755&ukey_make=865&ukey_model=11969 |title=Volvo 960 Battery with mounting parts B280E, B280F |publisher=Volvo Car Corporation}}</ref> || 1991–1992 || {{cvt|154|PS|kW|0}} at 5400 <small>Nordic version</small>
|-
| 960 ||[[PRV engine|B280F]]<ref name = vparts/> || 1991–1992 || {{cvt|147|PS|kW|0}} at 5100 || {{cvt|235|Nm|lbft|0}} at 3750
|-
| S90 (Asian Market) || B6244F || 1995
|-
| rowspan=2 | 960 2.5 24V ||[[Volvo Modular engine|B6254FS]]<ref name="1995MYpresskit" />|| 1994–1997 || {{cvt|170|PS|kW|0}} at 5700 ||{{cvt|230|Nm|lbft|0}} at 4400 || rowspan=2 | {{cvt|2473|cc|CID|1}}
|-
|-
|960 ||B6304G ||1996
|-
| 960 ||[[Volvo Modular engine|B6304S]]|| 1992–1997
|-
| S90/V90 3.0 24V ||[[Volvo Modular engine|B6304S]]2||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 960/S90/V90 3.0 24V ||[[Volvo Modular engine#B6304S|B6304F]]<ref name="1992MYpresskit">{{cite web|url=https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/pdf/presskits/1992MY-PressKit.pdf |title=Press kit |website=www.volvoclub.org.uk }}</ref><br>[[Volvo Modular engine#B6304S|B6304FS]]<ref name="1995MYpresskit">{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/pdf/presskits/960PressKitJuly1995.pdf |title=Volvo 960 Press Kit |publisher=Volvo Car UK Ltd. |date=July 1995 |access-date=2018-05-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://780coupe.com/technical-info/ |title=Technical Info }}</ref>|| 1991–1997 || {{cvt|204|PS|kW|0}} at 6000 || {{cvt|267|Nm|lbft|0}} at 4300
|-
|}
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!Model!!Engine code!!Year(s)!!Power at rpm!!Torque at rpm!!Displacement!!Engine configuration
|-
| 940 (Diesel) || [[Volkswagen D24 engine|D24]]<ref name = 900diesels>{{cite web|url=https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/tech/data/700-900DataSheet91_94-Sec2c.pdf |title=Tech data |website=www.volvoclub.org.uk }}</ref> || 1992–1993 || {{cvt|82|PS|kW|0}} at 4700 || {{cvt|145|Nm|lbft|0}} at 2000 || rowspan=4 | {{
|-
| rowspan=2 | 940 (Turbodiesel) || rowspan=2 | [[D24T]]<ref name = 900diesels/> || rowspan=2 | 1991–1993 || {{cvt|112|PS|kW|0}} at 4800 || {{cvt|205|Nm|lbft|0}} at 2500
|-
|
|-
| 940/960 (Turbodiesel w/ Intercooler) || [[D24TIC]]<ref name = 900diesels/><ref name = vtsource>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.volvotips.com/index.php/940-960/volvo-940-960-buyers-guide/ |title=Volvo 940 960 buyers guide }}</ref> || 1991–1996 || {{
|}
* [[Volvo B200 engine|B200E]]: 2.0 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[K-Jetronic]]
* [[Volvo B200 engine|B200F]]: 2.0 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, Bosch [[LH-Jetronic]]
* [[Volvo B200 engine|B200K]]: 2.0 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, [[Renix]] ignition, 200K had standard head unlike 230K
* [[Volvo B200 engine|B200ET]]: 2.0 L inline-4, turbocharged, Bosch [[Motronic]] engine management
* [[Volvo B200 engine|B200FT]]: 2.0 L inline-4, turbocharged, Bosch LH-Jetronic {{convert|156|PS|kW|abbr=on}}
* [[Volvo B204 engine|B204E]]: 2.0 L 16-valve, [[DOHC]], inline-4, naturally aspirated
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* [[Volvo B230 engine|B230ET]]: 2.3 L inline-4, turbocharged, Bosch Motronic (introduced in the '85 model year)
* [[Volvo B230 engine|B230FK]]: 2.3 L inline-4, turbocharged, Low Pressure Turbo ('95— ), 135 hp
* [[Volvo B230 engine|B230FT]]: 2.3 L inline-4, [[Turbocharger|turbo]]charged, 165 hp
* [[Volvo B234 engine|B234F]]: 2.3 L 16-valve, DOHC, inline-4, naturally aspirated, 155 hp
* [[Volvo B230 engine|B230FB]]: 2.3 L inline-4, naturally aspirated
* [[PRV engine|B280E]]: 2.8 L [[V6]], naturally aspirated, Bosch LH-Jetronic 2.2,
* [[PRV engine|B280F]]: 2.8 L V6, naturally aspirated, Bosch LH-Jetronic
* [[Volkswagen D24 engine|D24]]: 2.4 L [[inline-6]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
* [[D24T]]: 2.4 L inline-6, [[Turbocharger|turbo]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
* [[D24TIC]]: 2.4 L inline-6, turbodiesel, intercooled
* [[Volvo Modular engine#B6254FS|B6244/B6254]]: 2.4/2.5 L 24-valve inline-6, naturally aspirated
* [[Volvo Modular engine#B6304S|B6304]]: 2.9 L 24-valve inline-6, naturally aspirated
| |||